Eczema

Eczema is frequently called atopic dermatitis because it was noted to occur in individuals with allergic symptoms, e.g., allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma. The term atopic simply means allergic. Even though eczema was considered to be an allergic problem, allergy seems to be less likely as our understanding of the disease increases. Physicians know that eczema is a very complex disease and contains allergic as well as non-allergic elements in different individuals. As a result, the treatment of every individual may vary.

While the causes of eczema continue to be investigated, certain things are known about the disease. The skin is much more easily irritated than normal skin. Dryness of the skin is a primary component and results in significant itching. Eczema is known as “the itch that rashes”. Itching is made worse by irritants on the skin. Winter months are particularly bothersome because of the dry winter air. Flares in the summer months can occur after exercise because sweat is a significant irritant. Citrus or some vegetables, e.g., tomato, can act as a primary irritant when they touch the skin. Stress in some individuals can affect the skin. While emotional factors may play a role in flaring eczema, they are not considered a primary source of causing the onset of eczema, if it is not already present.

Eczema occurs in about 3% of the population. In about 80% of those individuals, the onset occurs in the first year of life. One-half are free of disease by age 2 years, about one-fourth by the end of adolescence, and the remaining one-fourth will continue to have eczema into adult life. Some individuals do not have the onset of symptoms until adolescence or adulthood.

Treatment is multifaceted and includes lifestyle modification as well as various types of medication. A portion of treatment will be listed in the accompanying tables. Adequate attention to clothing, diet manipulation, and attention to the emotional well-being of the affected patient are very important. It is preferable for a patient with eczema to wear clothing which will not irritate the skin; soft cotton material would be best. The room temperature should be kept moderate with controlled humidity (between 35-50%). Overheating and perspiration should be avoided.

Some investigators believe there is a genetic tendency for eczema with approximately 50% of eczema patients ultimately developing allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. This is compared to about 20% without the presence of eczema. While allergy skin testing and allergy injection treatment are usually helpful in cases of allergic rhinitis and/or asthma, it is generally agreed that this is often not the case with eczema. In some individuals, starting allergy shots for allergic rhinitis and/or asthma may actually result in significant flaring of the eczema.

Prevention

Trim fingernails short

Cotton gloves at night if needed to decrease scratching

Clothing should be double rinsed after washing to remove all residual detergent (irritants)

Avoid excessive room temperatures

Wear light, non-occlusive clothing (e.g., cotton instead of polyester)

Keep the bedroom moderate (cool) and avoid excessive bed clothing

Allergen contact or ingestion avoidance (e.g., foods, pets, dust mite) can reduce stimulation of the skin

Treatment

Bathing for moisturization, e.g., soaking in tepid water for 30-45 minutes at least once daily and if possible 2-3 times.

Within 2 minutes after getting out of the tub, a lubricating cream or ointment should be applied to help hold the moisture in the skin. Examples include Aquaphor, Curel, Moisturel, Eucerin, Keri, Lubriderm, Acid Mantle, Unibase, Vanicream, petrolatum, and chilled Noxzema,etc. Newer medications include Triceram/Certopic, Impruv, Mimyx, Nourica Repair, Cerave, Atopiclair, and Hylira. Some of the newer medications are by prescription only. None of the medications in the above list contain steroids.

In general, lotions should be avoided since they contain alcohol which may sting and provide limited moisture.

If marked irritation or weeping areas are present, wet wraps with a drying solution (e.g., Burrow’s solution, one tablet mixed in one quart of water is available by prescription) will avoid the stinging or burning sensation that can occur with bathing.

Addition of oil or similar substances to the bath water generally has little effect on increasing moisturization.

Pat dry with a soft towel; do not “rub” dry since this will remove natural, protective oils from the skin.

Showers do not add moisture to the skin and actually remove the protective oils from the skin resulting in increased dryness.

Topical steroids are the mainstay of therapy for more severe eczema. Ointments or creams are generally used.

Nonsteroidal medications that help the immune system in the skin may be necessary either in addition to or in place of topical steroids if the topical steroids are not adequate for relief. Examples of the nonsteroidal medications are Elidel and Protopic.

Antibiotics, topical and/or oral, may be needed if the lesions become infected. An alternative to antibiotics is the use of Clorox baths. One-quarter to one-half cup of Clorox in a full bath provides antibacterial activity that will treat all known bacterial infections. No resistant bacteria to Clorox are known.

REAL-WORLD PRESCHOOL PEANUT ORAL IMMUNOTHERAPY EFFECTIVE AFTER ONE YEAR OF MAINTENANCE

The study, published in the AAAAI’s journal The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, reports findings for participants who received a follow-up oral food challenge after one year on peanut daily maintenance.

MILWAUKEE, WI – Data published in The Journal of Allergy and Immunology: In Practice (JACI: In Practice), an official journal of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI), demonstrated that peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT) is effective after one year of maintenance in preschool participants who received a follow-up oral food challenge (OFC).

Preschoolers (9-70 months old) enrolled in the real-world study were administered increasing peanut doses in a clinic every two weeks over 8-11 visits until reaching the 300mg peanut protein maintenance dose. After spending approximately 12 months taking maintenance doses, patients were invited to complete a peanut follow-up OFC.

A total of 164 patients completed build-up and three dropped out of maintenance, leaving 161 patients available for follow-up OFC. A total of 117 of the 161 eligible patients received the follow-up OFC. Among them, 92 (78.6%) were able to tolerate a cumulative peanut protein dose of 4,000mg. A total of 115 (98.3%) tolerated a cumulative 1,000mg dose at follow-up, which would protect against accidental peanut exposures.

“The main takeaway for parents is that in this study, OIT provided protection from accidental exposures for 98.3% of preschoolers,” said Lianne Soller, PhD, corresponding author of the study and University of British Columbia allergy research manager. “These data, in combination with our previous data demonstrating safety of peanut OIT in preschoolers, suggest that this therapy could be considered for this age group as an alternative to the current recommendations to avoid peanut.”

Also of note was that epinephrine use during maintenance dosing remained low with only two participants requiring it, and only 10.5% of participants experienced allergic reactions at all. During the maintenance phase, only one patient needed to go to the emergency department due to an allergic reaction.

“Our study is the first to report on effectiveness of peanut OIT in preschoolers in a real-world setting, as opposed to a clinical trial setting,” said Dr. Soller. “We plan to continue to follow-up with this cohort long-term so we can continue to strengthen and solidify our recommendations regarding peanut exposure and oral immunotherapy.”

You can learn more about the current state of oral immunotherapy at the AAAAI’s website, aaaai.org.

The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) represents allergists, asthma specialists, clinical immunologists, allied health professionals and others with a special interest in the research and treatment of allergic and immunologic diseases. Established in 1943, the AAAAI has more than 7,100 members in the United States, Canada and 72 other countries. The AAAAI’s Find an Allergist/Immunologist service is a trusted resource to help you find a specialist close to home.

The post REAL-WORLD PRESCHOOL PEANUT ORAL IMMUNOTHERAPY EFFECTIVE AFTER ONE YEAR OF MAINTENANCE appeared first on Oklahoma Allergy and Asthma Clinic.

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